I have just returned from a very interesting and jammed-packed week at Mobile World Congress 2016 in Barcelona. For the first time ever, over 100,000 people and 2,200 plus vendors attended this year's premier technology festival. Much has changed in the industry over the last year since I reported my observations of MWC 2015. However, what is most remarkable is how the boundaries of mobility continue to expand and morph -everything now seems to be mobile? As such, the show offers a fascinating glimpse into the future of technology and the major social and business shifts that we can expect in the next few years.

The big take-away for me was that the show seems to have returned somewhat to its roots. While there were still lots of new smartphones, wearables and cars scattered around the show floor, they seemed to be more wallpaper, or in the background. Much of the buzz and marketing was around new network technologies and the core business of the mobile industry. The new things were 5G networks, low powered networks, and the new Internet of Things solutions that are going to ride over these new networks.

The following are my personal observations and extrapolations from the show, based on my conversations with operators, customer meetings, analysts, and colleagues, as well as from simply walking the show floor.

1. 5G -The Next New Technology-What is a technology show without a shiny new technology? Despite the fact that only 20% of global subscribers have adopted the previous new technology (4G), and many mobile users are still back on the second generation (2G) technology, we are now entering the fifth generation of mobile technology -5G. The remarkable thing though is that no one really knows what 5G is. There are no agreed up technical standards or industry agreements on the definition of 5G. And, the best estimates are that we really won't see 5G becoming a reality until sometime in the middle of the next decade. However, every major vendor is now "5G ready" and promoting their 5G solutions, and plastering the fact all over their exhibit booths. Numerous announcements were made on new 5G partnerships and tests. Verizon is looking to deploy in 2017 and the Japanese, Koreans and Russians have all promised to have 5G networks running in time for the various global sporting events that they are hosting.

2. From High Power to Low Power Networks -At the other extreme from the futuristic, high-powered 5G networks are LPWA networks -Low Power Wide Area networks. These networks cover wide areas (up to 30 km and more per base station), require very low power (the batteries of attached devices can last for years), and transmit very low amounts of data at slow speeds. Many see these networks as an essential platform to realize the Internet of Things revolution. Everything from water meters to parking meters and agriculture sensors could be hooked up to these networks and essentially forgotten for years. Sigfox and LoRa are the current leading contenders for these networks, but the GSMA and others are frantically working to release a LTE-based version. Providers, such as Orange, Proximus and KPN are currently deploying LPWA networks and many others are trying to figure out their strategy.

3. IoT -The Year's Hottest Three Letter Acronym- These 3 letters -standing for the "Internet of Things" -were everywhere. They were on the signs of practically every booth and on the tip of everyone's tongue. No doubt, the ability to connect sensors, devices and "things" to the Internet is the next wave of mobile growth and presents tremendous opportunities for technology vendors to sell new products and services. A number of key partnerships were announced and some very interesting and compelling industrial IoT case studies were promoted. The mobile operators shouted out their relevance in IoT by displaying their platforms, capabilities and lighthouse customer engagements.

4. The Next Not So New Devices-In the shows of past, some of the biggest highlights were the highly publicized announcements of the next sleek and sexy smartphone. While all of the manufacturers proudly displayed their range of devices, there didn't seem to be any buzz about the "next big thing". Samsung announced it's new Galaxy S7, but you had to look hard to understand how it really differed from their S6, which they announced with a big splash last year. Similarly, wearables were on display, but not front and center like they were in 2015. Phenomenal progress has been made in the smartphone and device space over the years, but I think that we have currently reached an innovation plateau. In fact, I think that there might actually have been fewer, and a narrower range, of devices than in the previous year.

5. Virtual Reality Becomes Virtually Real- Not only did Samsung demonstrate its cool new virtual reality devices at the show, but they had a temporary building in the center of Barcelona, Plaza de Catalyuna, welcoming long queues of the general public to sample these new worlds. HTC also demonstrated its VR devices, signaling the start of the virtual reality wars. Several exhibitors were also using virtual reality devices to enhance the impact of their messaging. Interestingly, while VR is a hot area, the consensus of a dinner of industry experts that I attended was that VR will be like 3D TV -a niche experience a select customer segment. However, we all expect VR to have a big impact in re-shaping many businesses -far beyond the gaming world.

6. Virtualization Reality- Virtualization and the cloud have finally hit the core mobile network elements. Not only will this make it less expensive for operators to build networks, but it will provide them with much greater flexibility and responsiveness and allow the network to extend well beyond the boundaries of the traditional mobile network. SDN (Software Defined Networks) are also critical to the new network architectures. Network virtualization is finally hitting the mainstream. Mobile operators, such as Telefonica, China Mobile, AT&T and NTT DoCoMo, announced fully operational NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) deployments. And many others announced their plans for getting there.

7. Mobile Monetization -An Industry on the Edge- At one time, service providers were the kings of the show. They are now just one of the participants in the massive and rapidly changing mobile industry. The decline in voice traffic, loss of messaging and competition to their data business from over the top providers and alternative access networks such as Wi-Fi, means that they desperately need to find new ways to make money. Most of the world's major mobile operators now have their own large and prominently placed booths on the show floor. They are proudly displaying the latest business solutions, cloud services, gaming, IoT and other innovative mobile offerings that they have to sell. They are hoping that these new revenue-generating opportunities will move them beyond merely connectivity providers and deliver the next wave of monetization opportunities.

8. The Battle for the Great Indoors -Changes in devices, applications and social behavior are re-defining mobility from an on-the-go activity to a more nomadic activity, which takes place largely indoors. Traditional macro networks have a tough time penetrating buildings and reaching indoors. Hence operators are struggling to provide 5 bar coverage in homes, offices and public spaces. Traditional mobile technology vendors are now showcasing their small cell, Wi-Fi and DAS solutions as the answer to this challenge of lighting up the indoors. At one time, these solutions were relegated to the back corner, but they are increasingly becoming center stage as a solution to this new and growing problem. Not to mention, they offer an attractive new revenue opportunity for traditional macro network vendors.

9. The Mobile Ad Battles -A big bomb was dropped during that show was the announcement that the mobile operator Three was working with the Israeli start-up, Shine, to block mobile ads from being displayed to their subscribers. Unlike ad blockers installed on smartphones, this blocking would be done in the core of the operators' networks. Mobile operators estimate that up to one-third of the traffic on their networks is generated from mobile advertising. In addition to reducing the demand on their networks, operators argue that blocking this unwanted traffic is providing a valuable service to their customers who end up paying for these invasive ads from their data plans. The counter argument of the advertising industry is that ads pay for the Internet and the services that users enjoy. The majority of the operators who I spoke with suggested that There Mobile was not unique and that they expected many other operators to follow suit, banning mobile ads on their networks. Let the mobile ad wars begin.

10. Mobile Payments -Maybe Next Year?- The last point that I always seem to make on these reviews of MWC is on mobile payments. At last year's show I was hopeful that with the launch of Apple Pay and Samsung Pay that 2015 might finally be the year of the long awaited mobile payments. Alas, that does not seem to be the case. According to one analyst, only 6% of eligible Apple users actually use Apple Pay. And, the number is even lower for Samsung and Google Pay. This despair in the adoption of mobile payments was evident on the show floor. Besides, a few small vendors scattered at the edges of the more distant halls, Master Card and Visa were they only exhibitors that I saw actively promoting mobile payments. Well, there is always next year...

About the Author

Stuart Taylor's further industry research, insights, and perspectives can be found at his blog, The Connected Life

Follow Stuart Taylor on Twitter: @STaylorCisco